Microorganisms in the gut of Animals surviving mainly by eating cellulose

Objectives of the Study:

1.  To motivate a design of a simple/portable small sized bioreactor for Cellulosic ethanol production.
2. To found a simple microorganisms commonly available in the excreta of farm animals, that farmers can themselves culture for quick, in reactor, biodegradation of the waste cellulose.
3. To motivate small Vegan farmers to get into the new easy innovations for increasing there revenue. (At places with high human density, small sized fragmented land holdings, cattle farming is not so rewarding. Also keeping unproductive cattles is costly and painful, while selling them to the butchers is also painful. So Vegan life becomess the best available path.)
4. To link the Vegan life to Economic/Industrial Microbiology.

Some of the active common species of animals involved in digesting cellulose rich foods are:

1. Termites:
• Three intestinal bacteria from the hind gut of the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus, identified them as (Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae and Clavibacter agropyri). 
• The hindgut of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis has one of the highest densities of microbes found on earth and includes bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes of all shapes and sizes. Protozoa in the termite gut breakdown the polysaccharides in wood to produce acetate; a food source for the termite.
• Protists reside in the termite gut ingest wood particles in the form of cellulose and degrade it within their cells. Cellulolytic protists known as Trichonympha and mixotricha produce cellulases and various glycolytic enzymes that can break down cellulose and convert it into an intermediate product, malate
  
2. Woodboring beetle:
• Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, and the native linden borer, Saperda vestita, by randomly sequencing 16S rRNA gene fragments from bacterial DNA extracted directly from the gut of larvae. The 16S rRNA gene sequences sampled from S. vestita were derived entirely from the &ggr;-Proteobacteria phylum of Bacteria. In contrast, the gut of A. glabripennis larvae contained members of the -Proteobacteria, &bgr;-Proteobacteria, &ggr;-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes.
  
• The majority of bacterial OTUs belonged to the order Enterobacteriales which was the most abundant taxa in the larval gut. Cultivable bacteria revealed 9 OTUs that all belonged to Gammaproteobacteria. Subsequently, we examined the breakdown of plant cell-wall compounds by bacterial isolates. Among the isolates, the highest efficiency was observed in Pantoea sp., which was able to synthesize four out of the six enzymes (cellulase, cellobiase, β-xylanase, and β-gluconase) responsible for plant-cell wall degradation. One isolate identified as Pseudomonas orientalis exhibited lignin peroxidase activity.
  
• Presence of five different pathways for lignocellulolytic activity. The fungal isolates were assigned to three phyla, 16 orders, 24 families, and 40 genera; Trichoderma was the most abundant genus, detected in all insect families and at all sites. The bacterial isolates were assigned to five phyla, 13 orders, 22 families, and 35 genera; Bacillus, Serratia, and Pseudomonas were the dominant genera, present in all the Coleopteran families.
  
3. Rat: 
• Besides Lactobacillus, a common commensal organism usually highly abundant in the laboratory rodent gut, another lactate-producing bacterium, Turicibacter, was also predominant in the rat digestive tract
4. Goat and Sheep: 
• Firmicutes (95.37%; 93.01%) and Proteobacteria (62.03%; 26.83%) were the core bacterial phyla in goats and sheep, respectively. The core bacterial genera were Lysinibacillus, Escherichia, Anaerocolumn, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Anaerocolumna, Tissierella, Muricomes, Enterococcus, and Bifidobacterium.
  
5. Cattle:
• Although multiple bacteria inhabit the cow's rumen, this lesson focuses on two harmless microbes, Ruminococcus and Selenomonas, which break down cellulose and starch in plant matter, respectively. These bacteria obtain nutrients from the cow's diet, and the cow gains energy from the products of bacterial metabolism
  
• Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals.
  
• Bacteroides, Oscillibacter, Alistipes, Ruminococcus and Clostridium were the predominant bacteria in the gut of buffalo and cattle
  
6. Pig:
• The majority (>90%) of the bacteria in the pig intestinal microbiome are from two Phyla: Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. However, the ileum has a high percentage of bacteria in the phylum Proteobacterium (up to 40%).
• The phylotypes were affiliated with 13 major phylogenetic lineages. Three hundred four phylotypes (81%) belonged to the low-G+C gram-positive division, and 42 phylotypes (11.2%) were affiliated with the Bacteroides and Prevotella group. Four clusters of phylotypes branching off deeply within the low-G+C gram-positive bacteria and one in the Mycoplasma without any cultured representatives were found.

Conclusion:

• Lactobacillus-used in curd preparation and Trichoderma and Pseudomonas-Bio-pesticides are commonly used by the farmers in there day to day life. 
• Mixed Dungs of different farm animals like Cow, Buffalo, Horse, Goat, Pig, Poultry, etc. can provide a rich bio diversity of microorganisms that can be used to easily bio-degrade different cellulose rich bio wastes. 
• Besides ethanol, many other economically important organic chemicals and enzymes can also be produced in a bioreactor. "Microbial citric acid is an important organic acid widely used in pharmaceutical food, beverage, detergents, and cosmetics industries. Although citric acid is produced by different types of microorganism, the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is a workhorse for the production of citric acid. Citric acid is the principal organic acid found in citrus fruits. To meet increasing demands it is produced from carbohydrate feedstock by fermentation with the fungus Aspergillus niger and the yeasts of Candida spp."